Dress Code and Etiquette in the Middle East

Across the region, hospitality is a point of honor, and guests who show respect for local customs are welcomed with remarkable generosity. None of this is complicated. In the big hotels and resorts of Dubai, Doha or Marrakech, you will see visitors from every corner of the world, and staff are used to international habits. The guidance below simply helps you feel at ease in souks, mosques, family homes and business meetings.

Countries differ. Cyprus, Israel and Türkiye's coastal resorts feel Mediterranean; Morocco, Jordan and Egypt are relaxed in tourist areas but more traditional in the countryside; Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Qatar are the most conservative, though all three have changed a great deal in recent years. When in doubt, dress one notch more modestly than you would at home.

A warm "As-salamu alaykum" (peace be upon you) is always appreciated; the reply is "Wa alaykum as-salam." Handshakes are common between men. Between men and women, it is polite to wait and see whether the other person offers a hand; a hand on the heart with a nod is a gracious alternative. Use the right hand for greeting, eating and passing things.

Conversation tends to begin with questions about health and family before business. Take your time, accept the coffee or tea you are offered, and avoid pointing the soles of your feet at anyone when sitting. Learning a few words helps; our page on Arabic phrases for travelers is a good start.

During the holy month of Ramadan, Muslims fast from dawn to sunset. Visitors are not expected to fast, but eating, drinking and smoking in public during daylight should be avoided out of respect; hotels and many restaurants serve guests discreetly. Evenings are magical, with iftar feasts at sunset, late-night suhoor tents and a festive mood in the streets. Working hours are shorter, and some attractions change their times. Eid al-Fitr, which ends the month, is a joyful holiday when hotels fill quickly. Dates move each year; see our holidays and national days page.

Landmarks, skylines and landscapes are yours to photograph. Always ask before photographing people, especially women and families, and avoid government buildings, airports and military sites. Drones generally need a permit, so check before you pack one.

Modest public affection, such as holding hands, is generally fine for married couples; anything more is best kept private. Avoid the thumbs-up in some rural areas and never beckon with a finger. Do not refuse food outright; take a little and praise it. Friday is the holy day, and many businesses open later. Patience and a smile are always the right currency; for tipping guidance, see money and tipping.